Speed controls for electric motors

ABSTRACT

The torque of an induction motor is regulated by feedback of parameters of power supplied to the motor in an open-loop control system. The parameters may be frequency with voltage and current or frequency with impedance. With feedback of voltage and current the control system is arranged so that the voltage feedback predominates in regulating motor torque at high motor speeds and the current feedback predominates at low motor speeds enabling the ratio of no-load to rated-load motor speed to be controlled to be substantially constant for all motor speeds.

United States Patent [191 Bowler et al.

[451 Nov. 27, 19 73 SPEED CONTROLS FOR ELECTRIC MOTORS [75] Inventors: Peter Bowler, Sale; Benjamin Nir,

Cheadle, both of England [73] Assignee: Ernest Scragg & Sons Limited,

Macclesfield, England 22 Filed: Jan.6, 1972 21 Appl. No.: 215,715

[52] U.S.Cl..; 318/227, 3l8/23O,3l8/23l CONTROL DEVICE (ID=F1K OSCILLA Blaschke 318/227 Schieman 318/227 Primary Examiner-Gene Z. Rubinson Attorney-Larson, Taylor & Hinds [5 7 ABSTRACT The torque of an induction motor is regulated by feedback of parameters of 'power supplied to the motor in an open-loop control system. The parameters may be frequency with voltage and current orfrequency with impedance. With feedback of voltage and current the control system is arranged so that the voltage feedback predominates in-regulating motor torque at high motor speeds and the current feedback predominates at low motor speeds enabling'theratio of no-load to rated-load motor speed to be controlled to be substantially constant for all motor speeds.

3 Claims, 8 Drawing Figures WAVE FORM GENERATOR FHULLL PATENTED HUVZY I375 SHEETS [If 6.

PATENTEU NUVZ T1375 sum 5 BF 5 Una; 2

SPEED CONTROLS FORELECTRIC MOTORS ES RIPTION :This invention .relatesto speed control systems for induction motors. It is particularly, but'not exclusively, 'appliedto the control of squirrel-cage-motorsto maintaincoristant.anyselected-speed within a wide range under a variable motor' load.

It'is known that'to obtain. good control of induction vmotors, feedback ofthe controlled variables,s peed or slip, must beemployedflt isalso known'to control slip in an open-loop system byL feedback-of motorsupply voltage, using the motors torque/slip characteristic as a model to maintain a constant slip frequency. Direct "the controlsystem is arrangedso that voltage feedback loop gain increases with frequency; this means thatithe torque regulation movesfrom being essenti'ally current "controlled at low frequencies towards being voltage controlled at higher] frequencies.

The above and othernovel features ofthe invention are included in the following description with reference,'by way of example to the accompanying drawings,-in which: 1

feedback of speedor-slip in aclosed-loop system gives 'of :a complete control system, the inverter "and their good torque regulation over wide speed ranges buttachometers which are necessary forspeedmeasurement in such direct feedback systems are expensive and a system employing onemay not be economic forilow power motors. Indirect feedback of speed or slip using motor supply voltage in an open-loop system eliminates the expense of .a tachometerfand provides. a simple, economic control system that is -suitable for all sizes of motor, and it may also be usedto providesimultaneous control of a number of motorsrIIowever :the :torque regulation of such avoltage feedback, open-loop control system at low motor speeds isbad because as motor speed decreases the constant slip frequency becomes an increasing proportion of the,motor:speed,

The present invention seeks ;to' extend the speed range over which good torque regulation is obtainable with an open-loop system by maintaining the slip as a constant fraction of motor speed. At high, near maximum, motor speeds, with variable-voltage and variablefrequency stator excitation set to give a constant noload motor flux, the slip frequency is small and, as the variable frequency decreases, the'slip frequency almost remains a constant valuefor a rated torque load. Consequently the fractional slip, that is the ratio of slip frequency to rotor frequency, increases as the variable frequency decreases, leading to aproportional increase in the difference between no-load and rated-load speeds. a 1 i 'We have found that the torque regulation can be improved by reducing the difference between no-load and rated-load speeds at all motor speeds below maximum.

Accordingly the present invention comprises a control system for a power supply for induction motors, in which signals proportional to parameters of power supplied to an induction motor are employed by the system to control the ratio of no-load speed to rated-load speed to be substantially constant over substantially the entire speed range of the motor. The parameters may be frequency with voltage and current, or frequency with impedance. 1

According to one embodiment of the invention, voltage and current feedback signals are employed by the system in such a manner that the voltage feedbackpredominates in regulating motor torque at high motor speeds and the current feedback predominates in regulating torque at low motor speeds.

In this embodiment, the power supply is an inverter whose frequency is varied by the control system in'response to a signal proportional to desired motor speed and whose output voltage is varied, to regulate torque, by the control system in response to feedback loops of, respectively, supply voltage and current. The circuit for from a'potentiometer or external DJC. voltage source,

and the signal 1 controls 'the frequencyof an oscillator 2 which drives a three stage ring counter 3. The ring counter 3 has six outputs each of which can be either on or offrfor 'l:-80apulses, the 'pulses of each output ibeing staggered by 60 from the preceding output. The 'six outputs pass into a waveform generator 4 which .gates pairs of outputs together .to synthesize six,

on and 60 off, pulse train waveforms'at its outputs,

each waveform still being staggered by 60 from the preceding one.The waveforms are used to drive a "three-phase inverter 5 which-powers a squirrel-cage motor=6.

Control of motor voltage from the inverter 5 is achieved by modulating the 120 on pulses of three of the waveforms. Three mixing gates 7 are employed to modulate the'waveforms. The modulating input to the gates 7 is derived from a control amplifier 8 in series with a pulse width modulated, high frequency oscillator 9, the amplifier 8 controlling the mark space ratio of the oscillator 9.

The amplifier 8 has three inputs of which two are, respectively, motor voltage and motor current, each being passed through a divider, l0 and 11 respectively, to'render them into low voltage signals that are suitable for the control circuit, and thus open-loop'voltage and current feedback is achieved. The setpoint of the combined loops is adjusted by the third input to the amplitier 8, which input is a signal derived from the speed demand signal 1 and modified in a device 12 according to v I the law l =f('K x),'.where I is the demand current, x is the frequency (motor speed), and K is a constant. This ensures that the gain of the current feedback loop decreases with increasing frequency.

The inverter 5 (FIG. 2) comprises six power transistors T, to T arranged in a bridge circuit. The transistors are switched by the inverter drive waveforms, the

modulated waveforms being applied to the bases of transistors T T and T Due to the 60 stagger between the waveforms a three-phase alternating power supply is produced across the three outputs A, B and C of the inverter; when-transistor T is turned on, transistor T is already on but is turned off half-way through the 120 on period of transistor T when transistor T comes on. Similarly, transistors T and T turn off and on respectively during the period of transistor T and transistors T and T for transistor T Diodes D to D are provided, 'in parallel with transistors T to T respectively, to pass the back e.m.fs developed across 'each'transistor during its off periods.

As shown in FIG. 3the demand voltage signal 1 is produced'by potentiometer R and transistors T and T form-the voltage-controlled oscillator 2 whose output drives the ring counter 3, consisting of flip-flops FL FL: and FL:,. Gates G G, and G form the waveformgenerator 4, three of whose outputs are modulated by mixing gates G G and G Differential amvplifier A acts as the control amplifier 8 and transistors base-emitter junction of transistor T the reversebiasing ensures that the transistor is quickly and safely turned off. The'action of the circuit is due to a bleed current which passes through resistor R, and inductance L while transistor T is being driven, this current tends to continue to flow through inductance L, after the drive transistor T is cut off, drawing base current in reverse from transistor T QThe reverse base current removes carriers from the transistors base-emitter junction and therefore improves the turn-off process of the transistor.

, Similar circuits, formedby resistors R R R R and R diodes D D D D and D and inductors L L L L and L transiently reverse-bias transistors T T T T and T respectively.

Thyristor Th is a protection device to blow fuze F under fault conditions and thus protect the power inverter 5. The circuit around transistors T and T is an absorber for any regenerative power fed back through the inverter 5 into the DC. power supply.

FIG. 4 is a graph, with motor torque plotted on the Y-axis against percentage slip plotted on the X-axis, for constant motor voltage V and for constant motor cur-. rent C and shows the lower percentage slip that is obtained by current feedback at low motor speeds.

We claim:

1. An electronic control system for an induction motor, comprising:

a speed setting circuit comprising i. means for varying the magnitude of a direct current signal in proportion to a desired motor speed;

ii. a first oscillator connected to receive said direct current signal, the frequency of said first oscillator being determined by. the magnitude of said motor speed signal; v

iii. pulse generating means, connected to be driven by said first oscillator, for generating a series of pulse train waveforms; and

iv. an inverter, connected to the pulse generating means to receive said pulse train waveforms,for producing an] output multi-phase induction motor power supply through selective switching of said inverter responsive to said pulse train waveforms; said control system further comprising a motor voltage control circuit, comprising vi. loop means connected between said output of said inverter and a first input to said amplifier for feeding back negative direct current signals respectively a function of motor supply voltage and of motor supply current;

vii. a second, pulse width modulated oscillator connected to an output of said amplifier, the magnitude of the amplifier output signal controlling the mark to space ratio of said second oscillator;

viii. gate means connected between said pulse generating means and said inverter and to an output of said second oscillator, the mark to space ratio of the output pulses from said second oscillator modulating said pulse train waveforms; and

ix. means, having an input connected to receive said direct current signal and an output connected to a second input of said amplifier, for producing an output signal which causes the setpoint of said amplifier to vary so as to increase the gain of said negative feedback loop means with an increase in said frequency and to decrease the gain of said current negative feedback loop with a said increase in said frequency.

2. A system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said pulse generating means comprises a three-stage ring counter generating six pulse train waveforms each having a pulse width of 180 and a pulse spacing of 180, the pulses of each of said waveforms being phase-displaced by 60 with respect to those of the preceding waveform, and a waveform generator connected in series with said pulse generating means which gates together pairs of said pulse train waveforms to produce a further six pulse train waveforms having a pulse width of and a pulse spacing of 60.

3. A system as claimed in claim 2, wherein said gate means is connected between said waveform generator and said inverter and modulates three of said further six pulse train waveforms.

; 1 UNITED STATES 'PATE NT 'OFEICE" I e e OF CORRECTION patent wo.43375.?552 Dated November 27 1973 I n reritdr(s) .pe fef Bowle rfafid Nit I lt i s certified ithaterrc ir appearsin the above-identified patent an'dxgrhat said Letters Patent are hereby corrected 'as shown below:

J n ebver' sheet, add reference to Foreign Priority as follows;

. in. [30] c laims pr r ty f Grea'l". Bri in Application S erialNo'. 3251/71 filed Janua y 1"" afa j of "De eembet 1 974. e

1 (SEAL) Attest:

Mcoy M,.V-GIIBS'ONJR. 7 ;c. MARSHALL DANN Attesting' Officer (lontnissionerpf Patents FORM Po-mso (10-69) USCOMM'DC GO375-P69 US. GOVERNMENT PRINTINGOFFICE: 869- 9 Patent No- 3 775 652 Inventor(s) follows:

(SEAL) Attest ExcCOY M. GIBSON JR. Attesting Officer UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE .CERTIFICATE OF QORRECTEQN Dated November 27, 1973 Peter Bowler and Benjamin Nir It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected 'as shown below:

On cover sheet, add reference to Foreign priority as Claims priority of Great Britain Application Serial No. 3251/71 filed January 27, l97l.-

Signed and sealed this 24th day of December 1974.

C. MARSHALL DANN Commissioner of Patents FORM PO-1OSO (IO-69) USCOMM-DC 60376-P69 U 5 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 

1. An electronic control system for an induction motor, comprising: a speed setting circuit comprising i. means for varying the magnitude of a direct current signal in proportion to a desired motor speed; ii. a first oscillator connected to receive said direct current signal, the frequency of said first oscillator being determined by the magnitude of said motor speed signal; iii. pulse generating means, connected to be driven by said first oscillator, for generating a series of pulse train waveforms; and iv. an inverter, connected to the pulse generating means to receive said pulse train waveforms, for producing an output multi-phase induction motor power supply through selective switching of said inverter responsive to said pulse train waveforms; said control system further comprising a motor voltage control circuit, comprising v. an amplifier; vi. loop means connected between said output of said inverter and a first input to said amplifier for feeding back negative direct current signals respectively a function of motor supply voltage and of motor supply current; vii. a second, pulse width modulated oscillator connected to an output of said amplifier, the magnitUde of the amplifier output signal controlling the mark to space ratio of said second oscillator; viii. gate means connected between said pulse generating means and said inverter and to an output of said second oscillator, the mark to space ratio of the output pulses from said second oscillator modulating said pulse train waveforms; and ix. means, having an input connected to receive said direct current signal and an output connected to a second input of said amplifier, for producing an output signal which causes the setpoint of said amplifier to vary so as to increase the gain of said negative feedback loop means with an increase in said frequency and to decrease the gain of said current negative feedback loop with a said increase in said frequency.
 2. A system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said pulse generating means comprises a three-stage ring counter generating six pulse train waveforms each having a pulse width of 180* and a pulse spacing of 180*, the pulses of each of said waveforms being phase-displaced by 60* with respect to those of the preceding waveform, and a waveform generator connected in series with said pulse generating means which gates together pairs of said pulse train waveforms to produce a further six pulse train waveforms having a pulse width of 120* and a pulse spacing of 60*.
 3. A system as claimed in claim 2, wherein said gate means is connected between said waveform generator and said inverter and modulates three of said further six pulse train waveforms. 